European countries’ domestic politics are marked
by threats of terrorism; meanwhile, electoral successes among far-right
political parties are increasing within the European Parliament. Previous research revealed that a given European Union
member country’s total numbers of terrorism-related arrests and terrorist
attacks in a given year are not correlated with far-right support in the
country’s elections for the European Parliament during the following
year. Considering the effects that terrorism has on European
countries, more insight is required into whether more
specific variables related to terrorism, as differentiated based on motives,
are correlated with the electoral success of far-right
parties. Therefore, this new project seeks
to reveal whether support for the far-right in the European Parliament
elections of given year is correlated with variables pertaining to religiously
inspired/jihadist terrorism and/or right-wing extremist terrorism during the
election year and/or the previous year. These variables include the
numbers of arrests related to religiously inspired/jihadist terrorism and the
numbers of arrests related to right-wing terrorism in given
years. As related to these variables, this project uses
correlations to test the alternative hypotheses that support for far-right
parties is comparatively low in the context of a high number of arrests
related to right-wing extremist terrorism and support for far-right parties is
comparatively high in the context of a high number of arrests related to
religiously inspired/jihadist terrorism. Relevant data is pulled from the European Parliament's election results
and Europol's European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Reports. This
project seeks to uncover whether voter support for
far-right parties is correlated with terrorist threats in Europe, as
quantified by numbers of terrorism-related arrests in a given year, allowing
for a greater understanding of voter behavior in Europe.
2019.
2019 European election results. European Parliament. October 23.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en.
Alan-Lee, Nathan. 2023. Poland’s Far-Right Advances on
Anti-Ukraine Sentiment. Center for European Policy Analysis. April 13.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://cepa.org/article/polands-far-right-advances-on-anti-ukraine-sentiment/.
2013. All about the Alternativ Demokratësch Reformpartei
(ADR). Mediahuis Luxembourg S.A. June 10. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/all-about-the-alternativ-demokratesch-reformpartei-adr-602d460dde135b9236510185.
2017. Anatomy: Rise of the Far-Right. World Policy
Journal. Accessed May 21, 2023. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26781463.
2014. Anti-immigrant Movement Links Immigration to
Terrorism. Anti-Defamation League. October 21. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.adl.org/resources/news/anti-immigrant-movement-links-immigration-terrorism.
Asbrink, Elisabeth. 2022. Sweden Is Becoming Unbearable.
The New York Times Company. September 20. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/20/opinion/sweden-democrats-elections.html.
Askew, Joshua. 2023. 'Keep Ireland Irish': Say hello to
Ireland's growing far right. Euronews. April 28. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.euronews.com/2023/03/13/keep-ireland-irish-say-hello-to-irelands-growing-far-right.
Balcells, Laia, and Gerard Torrats-Espinosa. 2018. Using
a natural experiment to estimate the electoral consequences of terrorist
attacks. Edited by James D. Fearon. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America. October 2. Accessed May 21,
2023. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1800302115.
2022. Basic Principles. Isamaa Erakond. Accessed May
21, 2023. https://isamaa.ee/basic-principles/.
Beardsley, Eleanor. 2023. France's new far right.
NPR. January 16. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.npr.org/2023/01/16/1149425584/frances-new-far-right.
Bozóki, András. 2016. Mainstreaming the Far Right.
Presses Universitaires de France. December. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27027095.
Bridge Initative Team. 2020. FACTSHEET: THE LEAGUE
(LEGA, LEGA NORD, THE NORTHERN LEAGUE). Georgetown University. September
14. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-the-league-lega-lega-nord-the-northern-league/.
Cabral Fernandes, Ricardo. 2022. The Rise of Portugal’s
Far Right Is a Wake-Up Call. Jacobin. February 3. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://jacobin.com/2022/02/portugal-election-chega-far-right-andre-ventura.
Carls, Paul. 2021. Approaching right-wing populism in
the context of transnational economic integration: lessons from Luxembourg.
Informa UK Limited. October 28. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2021.1993056.
Chládková, Lucie. 2014. The Far Right in Slovenia.
Document. Edited by Miroslav Mareš. Brno: Masaryk University, Faculty of
Social Studies, Department of Political Science, May 10.
Chu, Leo. 2022. Latvian Parliamentary Elections: Party
Platform Guide. Foreign Policy Research Institute. September 28. Accessed
May 21, 2023.
https://www.fpri.org/article/2022/09/latvian-parliamentary-elections/.
Cimoszewicz, Włodzimierz. 2022. Opinion of the Committee
on Constitutional Affairs for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and
Home Affairs on the proposal for a Council decision determining, pursuant to
Article 7(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the existence of a clear risk o.
Committee on Constitutional Affairs. May 19. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/AFCO-AD-729937_EN.pdf.
Conradt, David P. 2023. Green Party of Germany.
Edited by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica.
May 14. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Green-Party-of-Germany.
Corder, Mike. 2023. Right-wing ‘folksy nationalism’
party wins in Dutch elections. The Christian Science Monitor. March 16.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2023/0316/Right-wing-folksy-nationalism-party-wins-in-Dutch-elections.
n.d. Croatia. European Commission. Accessed May 21,
2023. https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/croatia_en.
n.d. Cyprus: Parties at a glance. PolitPro. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/cyprus/parties.
n.d. Czech Republic: Parties at a glance. PolitPro.
Accessed May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/czech-republic/parties.
Damhuis, Koen. 2019. “The biggest problem in the
Netherlands”: Understanding the Party for Freedom’s politicization of Islam.
Brookings. July 24. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-biggest-problem-in-the-netherlands-understanding-the-party-for-freedoms-politicization-of-islam/.
2023. Dansk Folkeparti - Denmark. Identity &
Democracy Group. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.idgroup.eu/dansk_folkeparti.
de Jonge, Léonie. 2021. The Rise and Fall of the Dutch
Forum for Democracy (FvD). European Consortium for Political Research.
September 3. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/58970.
Doroshenko, Larisa. 2018. Far-Right Parties in the
European Union and Media Populism: A Comparative Analysis of 10 Countries
During European Parliament Elections. Edited by Larry Gross. University
of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7757/2422.
Dumitrescu, Radu. 2023. Supporters of Romanian far-right
party AUR turn violent during protest at Parliament. City Compass Media.
May 10. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.romania-insider.com/supporters-aur-turn-violent-during-protest-parliament-bucharest.
ECO News. 2018. Aliança: 13,000 signatures mark birth of
a new political party this Wednesday. Swipe News, SA. September 20.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://econews.pt/2018/09/20/alianca-13000-signatures-mark-birth-of-a-new-political-party-this-wednesday/.
Edo, Anthony, Yvonne Giesing, Jonathan Öztunc, and Panu
Poutvaara. 2019. Immigration and electoral support for the far-left and
the far-right. European Economic Review. June. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.03.001.
2019. ‘EU-27 and candidate countries’. European
Union. January 28. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://publications.europa.eu/code/pdf/370000en.htm.
Europol. 2009. European Union Terrorism Situation and
Trend Report 2009. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation.
June 27. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/tesat2009_1.pdf.
—. 2010. European Union Terrorism Situation and
Trend Report 2010. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation.
June 27. Accessed April 10, 2024. doi:10.2813/12525
—. 2014. European Union Terrorism Situation and
Trend Report 2014. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation.
June 27. Accessed April 10, 2024. doi:10.2813/12525
—. 2015. European Union Terrorism Situation and
Trend Report 2015. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation.
June 27. Accessed April 10, 2024. doi:10.2813/648066
—. 2019. European Union Terrorism Situation and
Trend Report 2019. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation.
June 27. Accessed April 10, 2024. doi:10.2813/788404
—. 2020. European Union Terrorism Situation and
Trend Report 2020. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation.
June 27. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/european_union_terrorism_situation_and_trend_report_te-sat_2020_0.pdf.
Fallon, Katy. 2019. Forum voor Democratie: Why has the
Dutch far right surged? Al Jazeera Media Network. March 25. Accessed May
21, 2023.
https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/3/25/forum-voor-democratie-why-has-the-dutch-far-right-surged.
2023. Finns Party. Wikimedia. April 13. Accessed May
21, 2023. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634277.
Fleck, Anna. 2022. How Much Sway Does the Far-Right
Have? September 26. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.statista.com/chart/6852/right-wing-populisms-enormous-potential-across-europe/.
n.d. “From 6 to 27 members.”
European Commission. Accessed April
10, 2024. https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/6-27-members_en
Gallagher, Conor. 2023. Ireland First: Inside the group
chat of Ireland’s latest far-right political party. The Irish Times DAC.
March 12. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/social-affairs/2023/03/12/ireland-first-becomes-a-political-party-but-will-anyone-vote-for-it/.
Ganor, Boaz, Gabriel Weimann,
Lorena Atiyas-Lvovsky, and Dan Ganor.
“Defining Hate: Terrorism, Hate Crimes and Far-Right Extremism—a Perspective
from Israel.” Edited by Katja Theodorakis and Gill Savage. Counterterrorism
Yearbook 2022. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2022.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep44931.7.
Georgiadou, Vasiliki, Lamprini Rori, and Costas Roumanias.
2018. Mapping the European far right in the 21st century: A meso-level
analysis. Electoral Studies. August. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2018.05.004.
German Sirotnikova, Miroslava. 2021. Far-Right Extremism
in Slovakia: Hate, Guns, and Friends from Russia. BalkanInsight. January
20. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/20/far-right-extremism-in-slovakia/.
2023. Glossary:Country codes. Eurostat. January 16.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Country_codes.
Goerens, Annick. 2023. The ADR is not right-wing
extremist, says Fernand Kartheiser. RTL Luxembourg. February 1. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2011579.html.
Golder, Matt. 2016. Far Right Parties in Europe.
May. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441#abstractSection.
Goncalves, Sergio, and Catarina Demony. 2023. Portugal
party Chega sets far-right world summit with Brazil's Bolsonaro, Italy's
Salvini. Edited by David Gregorio. Reuters. April 7. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/portugal-party-chega-sets-far-right-world-summit-with-brazils-bolsonaro-italys-2023-04-07/.
n.d. Google Translate. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://translate.google.com.
Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob. 2021. Head of Denmark's
once-dominant far-right party steps down after election setback. Edited
by Nick Macfie and Angus MacSwan. Reuters. November 17. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/head-denmarks-once-dominant-far-right-party-steps-down-after-election-setback-2021-11-17/.
Hadjicostis, Menelaos. 2021. Far-right party, centrist
group gain big in Cyprus poll. The San Diego Union-Tribune. May 30.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/nation-world/story/2021-05-30/small-parties-look-to-gain-in-cyprus-parliamentary-vote.
Haughton, Tim, Marek Rybář, and Kevin Deegan-Krause. 2021. Leading
the Way, but Also Following the Trend: The Slovak National Party. Wayne
State University. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/honorssp/5/.
Helbling, Marc, and Daniel Meierrieks. 2020. Terrorism
and Migration: An Overview. British Journal of Political Science,
Cambridge University Press. December 17. Accessed May 21, 2023.
doi:10.1017/S0007123420000587.
Henley, Jon. 2023. Finland’s conservatives to open
coalition talks with far-right party. Guardian News & Media Limited.
April 27. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/27/finland-petteri-orpo-coalition-far-right-finns-party.
n.d. Hungary: Parties at a glance. PoliPro. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/hungary/parties.
2023. Immigration. Eurostat. October 29. Accessed
May 21, 2023.
https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/l0q3araj0g9dk3txzwkjg?locale=en.
n.d. Ireland: Parties at a glance. PoliPro. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/ireland/parties.
2023. Isamaa Parliamentary Group. April 13. Accessed
May 21, 2023.
https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/parliamentary-groups/isamaa-parliamentary-group/.
n.d. Italy: Parties at a glance. PolitPro. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/italy/parties.
2023. JA21 kicks of provincial campaign, aims for
pivotal role in senate. DutchNews. January 19. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.dutchnews.nl/2023/01/ja21-kicks-of-provincial-campaign-aims-for-pivotal-role-in-senate/.
Janos. 2022. The far right experience in Hungary.
Bureau of the Fourth International. June 5. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article7689.
Jegelevicius, Linas. 2023. Estonia's far-right EKRE
party should not be written off. bne IntelliNews Emerging Markets Direct
company. March 3. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://intellinews.com/estonia-s-far-right-ekre-party-should-not-be-written-off-271793/.
Jones, Sam. 2022. Spain’s far-right Vox breaks through
into regional government. Guardian News & Media Limited. March 10.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/10/spain-far-right-vox-regional-government-castilla-y-leon-peoples-party-deal.
Kessenich, Emma, and Wouter van der Brug. 2022. New
parties in a crowded electoral space: the (in)stability of radical right
voters in the Netherlands. National Library of Medicine, Nature
Publishing Group, Acta Polit. October 28. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9616406/.
Khalip, Andrei. 2011. PSD starts forming centre-right
Portuguese government. Reuters. June 5. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.reuters.com/article/cnews-us-portugal-election-idCATRE7532LZ20110606.
Kirby, Paul. 2022. Giorgia Meloni: Italy's far-right
wins election and vows to govern for all. BBC. September 26. Accessed May
21, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63029909.
Kluonis, Mindaugas. 2020. Lithuania turns right:
urban-rural cleavage, generational change, and left-wing perspectives.
Foundation for European Progressive Studies. October 30. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://progressivepost.eu/lithuania-turns-right-urban-rural-cleavage-generational-change-and-left-wing-perspectives/.
Kondor, Katherine. 2019. The Hungarian paradigm shift:
how right-wing are Fidesz supporters? openDemocracy. January 30. Accessed
May 21, 2023.
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/hungarian-paradigm-shift-how-right-wing-are-fidesz-supporters/.
Kulbaczewska-Figat, Małgorzata. 2020. The extreme right
in the Baltic States: Lithuania. Transform! European Network for
Alternative Thinking and Political Dialogue. June 9. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.transform-network.net/en/focus/overview/article/radical-far-and-populist-right/the-extreme-right-in-the-baltic-states-lithuania/.
Landsbergis, Gabrielius, and Linas Jegelevičius. 2019. Lithuanian
Conservatives’ tensions: can the party split? BNN.LV. August 15. Accessed
May 21, 2023.
https://bnn-news.com/lithuanian-conservatives-tensions-can-the-party-split-204320.
n.d. Latvia: Parties at a glance. PolitPro. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/latvia/parties.
Le Monde, AFP. 2022. Sweden's right-wing announces new
government with far-right backing. October 14. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.lemonde.fr/en/europe/article/2022/10/14/sweden-s-right-wing-announces-new-government-with-far-right-backing_6000299_143.html.
2023. Lega Nord. Counter Extremism Project. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://www.counterextremism.com/supremacy/lega-nord.
n.d. Lithuania: Parties at a glance. PolitPro.
Accessed May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/lithuania/parties.
Lonsky, Jakub. 2020. Does immigration decrease far-right
popularity? Evidence from Finnish municipalities. Edited by Klaus F.
Zimmermann and Madeline Zavodny. Journal of Population Economics. July 7.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-020-00784-4.
Mac Dougall, David. 2023. Estonia election analysis: Why
the liberals won, the far-right lost, and other key takeaways. Euronews.
August 3. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.euronews.com/2023/03/06/estonia-election-analysis-why-the-liberals-won-the-far-right-lost-and-other-key-takeaways.
Markou, Grigoris. 2021. The systemic metamorphosis of
Greece’s once radical left-wing SYRIZA party. openDemocracy. June 14.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/rethinking-populism/the-systemic-metamorphosis-of-greeces-once-radical-left-wing-syriza-party/.
McGrath, Stephen. 2020. How a far-right party came from
nowhere to stun Romania in Sunday's election. Euronews. August 12.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/12/08/how-a-far-right-party-came-from-nowhere-to-stun-romania-in-sunday-s-election.
Misiunas, Romuald J. 1970. Fascist Tendencies in
Lithuania. Modern Humanities Research Association and University College
London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4206165.
2018. Movement for Social Democracy party (EDEK,
Cyprus). Clean Energy Wire. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.cleanenergywire.org/experts/movement-social-democracy-party-edek-cyprus.
Mudde, Cas. 2019. The 2019 EU Elections: Moving the
Center. Journal of Democracy. October. Accessed May 21, 2023.
doi:10.1353/jod.2019.0066.
—. 2014. The far right in the 2014 European elections:
Of earthquakes, cartels and designer fascists. The Washington Post. May
30. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/30/the-far-right-in-the-2014-european-elections-of-earthquakes-cartels-and-designer-fascists/.
Muller, Robert, and Jan Lopatka. 2017. Far-right scores
surprise success in Czech election. Reuters. October 21. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-election-farright/far-right-scores-surprise-success-in-czech-election-idUSKBN1CQ0T3.
Nellas, Demetris. 2014. Greece's Neo-Nazi Party May Be
Forced To Change Its Name. Insider Inc. February 4. Accessed May 21,
2023. https://www.businessinsider.com/golden-dawn-name-change-2014-2.
n.d. Netherlands: Parties at a glance. PolitPro.
Accessed May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/netherlands/parties.
2011. People of Freedom (Il Popolo della Liberta, PdL).
John Pike. November 7. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/it-political-parties-pdl.htm.
Perliger, Arie. “Conceptualizing the Far
Right.” Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America’s Violent
Far-Right. Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, 2012.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05612.4.
Petsinis, Vassilis. 2019. Identity Politics and
Right-Wing Populism in Estonia: The Case of EKRE. Informa UK Limited.
June 21. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537113.2019.1602374?journalCode=fnep20.
Piccolino, Gianluca, and Leonardo Puelo. 2022. Between
far-right politics and pragmatism: Assessing Fratelli d’Italia’s policy
agenda. The London School of Economics and Political Science. October 6.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2022/10/06/between-far-right-politics-and-pragmatism-assessing-fratelli-ditalias-policy-agenda/.
n.d. Poland: Parties at a glance. PolitPro. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/poland/parties.
n.d. Portugal: Parties at a glance. PolitPro.
Accessed May 21, 2023. https://politpro.eu/en/portugal/parties.
2021. Publications. European Union Agency for Law
Enforcement Cooperation. November 25. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications?q=te-sat.
2017. Radical Right-Wing Political Parties and Groups.
NBS-Media. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://civic-nation.org/romania/society/radical_right-wing_political_parties_and_groups/.
2017. Radical Right-Wing Political Parties and Groups.
NBS-Media. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://civic-nation.org/ireland/society/radical_right-wing_political_parties_and_groups/.
2017. Radical Right-Wing Political Parties and Groups.
NBS-Media. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://civic-nation.org/bulgaria/society/radical_right-wing_political_parties_and_groups/.
2017. Radical Right-Wing Political Parties and Groups.
NBS-Media. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://civic-nation.org/croatia/society/radical_right-wing_political_parties_and_groups/.
2017. Radical Right-Wing Political Parties and Groups.
NBS-Media. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://civic-nation.org/finland/society/radical_right-wing_political_parties_and_groups/.
Rankin, Jennifer. 2022. Pro-EU politicians hail defeat
of Slovenia’s hard-right prime minister. Guardian News & Media
Limited. April 25. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/25/pro-eu-politicians-herald-defeat-slovenia-hard-right-janez-jansa-robert-golob.
Ray, Michael. 2023. National Rally. Edited by The
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. May 4. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Rally-France.
Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board,
Canada. 1999. Romania: The activities of the Greater Romania Party, and
their position towards Roma (January 1998 - July 1999). United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees. July 1. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab3090.html.
Romania Insider. 2019. Romania presidential elections
2019: Who is Mircea Diaconu, the actor who wants to be the first independent
president? City Compass Media. November 7. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-presidential-elections-2019-mircea-diaconu.
Rorke, Bernard. 2010. The Rise of the Far Right and
Anti-Gypsyism in Hungary. Open Society Foundations. April 12. Accessed
May 21, 2023.
https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/rise-far-right-and-anti-gypsyism-hungary.
RTL. 2023. Is there a far right in Luxembourg? RTL
Luxembourg. March 2. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2042943.html.
Schumacher, Elizabeth. 2018. Matteo Salvini: Italy's
far-right success story. Deutsche Welle. March 5. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.dw.com/en/matteo-salvini-italys-far-right-success-story/a-42830366.
Share, Donald. 2023. Popular Party. Edited by The
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. March 22. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Popular-Party-Spain.
Simeonova, Elitsa, and Tony Wesolowsky. 2022. Revival On
The Rise: Ahead Of Elections, Far-Right Party Is Tapping Into Bulgarian
Public Anger. RFE/RL, Inc. October 1. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-elections-revival-pro-russian/32060748.html.
Smith, Helena. 2021. Cyprus election: far-right party
linked to Greek neo-Nazis doubles vote share. Guardian News & Media
Limited. May 30. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/30/far-right-cyprus-election-parliament.
Smolík, Josef. 2011. Far right-wing political parties
in the Czech Republic: heterogeneity, cooperation, competition. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://sjps.fsvucm.sk/Articles/11_2_1.pdf.
n.d. Spain: Parties at a glance. Accessed May 21,
2023. https://politpro.eu/en/spain/parties.
Stamouli, Nektaria. 2023. Greek parliament votes to ban
extreme-right party from elections. Politico. April 11. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://www.politico.eu/article/greece-votes-outlaw-extreme-right-party-from-elections/.
Terenzani, Michaela, and Roman Cuprik. 2022. Slovakia's
Far-Right L'SNS Party: Saved by Its Perceived Irrelevance.
BalkanInslight. August 24. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://balkaninsight.com/2022/08/24/slovakias-far-right-lsns-party-saved-by-its-perceived-irrelevance/.
2011. The state of the right : the Netherlands.
Fondation pour L'innovation Politique. March. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.fondapol.org/en/study/the-state-of-the-right-the-netherlands/.
Tilles, Daniel. 2023. Polish far right eyes role as
kingmaker after this year’s elections. Notes from Poland. April 2.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/04/02/polish-far-right-eyes-role-as-kingmaker-after-this-years-elections/.
2023. Totul Pentru Tara. EHRI Consortium. Accessed
May 21, 2023. https://portal.ehri-project.eu/authorities/ehri_cb-1029.
Tremlett, Giles. 2009. Conservatives woo far right ally
in Spain. Guardian News & Media Limited. May 29. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/may/29/conservatives-ally-far-right-party-spain-european-elections.
Trilling, Daniel. 2020. Golden Dawn: the rise and fall
of Greece’s neo-Nazis. Guardian News & Media Limited. March 3.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/mar/03/golden-dawn-the-rise-and-fall-of-greece-neo-nazi-trial.
Vejvodová, Petra, Jakub Janda, and Veronika Víchová.
2017. The Russian connections of far-right and paramilitary organizations
in the Czech Republic. Edited by Edit Zgut and Lóránt Győri. Political
Capital. April. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://politicalcapital.hu/pc-admin/source/documents/PC_NED_country_study_CZ_20170428.pdf.
n.d. Welcome. EuropäischeLINKE. Accessed May 21,
2023. https://en.die-linke.de/welcome/.
Wike, Richard, Jacob Poushter, Lauren Silver, Kat Devlin,
Janell Fetterolf, Alexandra Castillo, and Christine Huang. 2019. Views on
the European Union across Europe. Pew Research Center. October 14.
Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/the-european-union/.
Wike, Richard, Janell Fetterolf, and Moira Fagan. 2019. Europeans
Credit EU With Promoting Peace and Prosperity, but Say Brussels Is Out of
Touch With Its Citizens. Pew Research Center. March 19. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/03/19/europeans-credit-eu-with-promoting-peace-and-prosperity-but-say-brussels-is-out-of-touch-with-its-citizens/.
Witting, Volker. 2023. Germany's far-right AfD marks 10
years since its founding. Deutsche Welle. February 5. Accessed May 21,
2023.
https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-far-right-afd-marks-10-years-since-its-founding/a-64607308.
Zay, Éva. 2020. A new Transylvanian Hungarian party in
the works. Transylvania Now. January 20. Accessed May 21, 2023.
https://transylvanianow.com/a-new-transylvanian-hungarian-party-in-the-works/.